Determining factors of child linear growth from the viewpoint of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory

Abstract Objective To analyze the factors associated with children's linear growth, according to the different subsystems of the 6Cs model and Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory. Data sources Narrative review, carried out in the Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed, and Science Direct databases, based on research using the terms Bioecological Theory, child growth, and risk factors, combined with the use of Boolean operators. Summary of findings According to the 6Cs model, proposed based on Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory, the determining factors of children's linear growth are in six interrelated subsystems - cell, child, clan, community, country/state and culture. The empirical studies included in this review made it possible to analyze protection and risk factors within the subsystems. Among the protective factors: are adequate birth weight and satisfactory weight gain, breastfeeding for six months or more; proper hygienic habit of hand washing, proper elimination of feces, and access to clean water. As risk factors: low, birth weight and size, prematurity, multiple deliveries, short interval between deliveries, non-exclusive breastfeeding until the 3rd month, frequency and severity of infectious processes and anemia, little parental education, short maternal statur, inadequate maternal nutritional status, domestic violence, family poverty, food, and nutritional insecurity, living in rural areas or at high altitudes. Conclusion Children's linear growth is determined by interrelated factors that encompass aspects prior to the child's birth, as well as socioeconomic, political, family and community issues.

Predictors of resilience in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study comparing the first and second waves.

Few studies have investigated the effects of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 on health professionals, especially nurses, from the point of view of the protective factors of mental health. The aim of this study was to assess the level of resilience in healthcare workers, to determine whether there were differences between two moments of the pandemic. Applying a longitudinal study, participants (N = 590) from healthcare workers completed surveys in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and the second wave. Socio-demographic and psychosocial variables such as resilience, emotional intelligence, optimism, self-efficacy, anxiety, and depression are used. There were differences between the two waves in all protective and risk variables except anxiety. In the first wave, there were three socio-demographic and psychosocial variables that explained 67.1% of the variance in resilience. In the first wave, three sociodemographic and psychosocial variables explained 67.1% of the variance in resilience in healthcare professionals. The enhancement of specific protective variables in healthcare professionals exposed to situations of high emotional stress can minimise the negative impact of the situation and promote more resilient responses in this professional group as a result.

Determining factors of child linear growth from the viewpoint of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with children's linear growth, according to the different subsystems of the 6Cs model and Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory. DATA SOURCES: Narrative review, carried out in the Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed, and Science Direct databases, based on research using the terms Bioecological Theory, child growth, and risk factors, combined with the use of Boolean operators. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: According to the 6Cs model, proposed based on Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory, the determining factors of children's linear growth are in six interrelated subsystems - cell, child, clan, community, country/state and culture. The empirical studies included in this review made it possible to analyze protection and risk factors within the subsystems. Among the protective factors: are adequate birth weight and satisfactory weight gain, breastfeeding for six months or more; proper hygienic habit of hand washing, proper elimination of feces, and access to clean water. As risk factors: low, birth weight and size, prematurity, multiple deliveries, short interval between deliveries, non-exclusive breastfeeding until the 3rd month, frequency and severity of infectious processes and anemia, little parental education, short maternal statur, inadequate maternal nutritional status, domestic violence, family poverty, food, and nutritional insecurity, living in rural areas or at high altitudes. CONCLUSION: Children's linear growth is determined by interrelated factors that encompass aspects prior to the child's birth, as well as socioeconomic, political, family and community issues.

Association of child labor with risk and protective factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazilian schoolchildren: National School Health Survey 2015 / Associação do trabalho infantil com fatores de risco e proteção para Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis em escolares brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015

Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic profile of adolescents working in Brazil and the association of child labor with risk and protection factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from sample 2 of the 2015 National School Health Survey. The variables gender, age, race/skin color, administrative dependence on the school and maternal education, variables about food, physical activity and use of drugs. Analyzes were performed by means of prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and calculation of the crude and adjusted ODDS Ratio. Results: A total of 10,926 students participated in the survey, of which 16.9% (95%CI: 15.1-18.9) worked. Child labor was higher among adolescents: male (ORaj: 1.82; 95%CI: 1.55-2.15); aged between 16 and 17 years (ORaj: 2.96; 95%CI: 2.37-3.69; who studied in public schools (ORaj: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.14-2.52); with maternal schooling equal to incomplete high school (ORaj: 1.54; 95%CI: 1.11;2.13); residents of the South region (ORaj: 2.17; 95%CI: 1.60-2.94). Adolescents workers were more likely to smoke (ORaj: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.52-2.48); consume alcoholic beverages (ORaj: 2.01; 95%CI: 1.71-2.36); use drugs (ORaj: 1.76; 95%CI: 1.35-2.31); perform physical activity (ORaj: 1.24; 95%CI: 1.07-1.44); consume sweets (ORaj: 1.30 ; 95%CI: 1.13-1.49); consume fried snacks (ORaj: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.15-1.74), and soft drinks (ORaj: 1.23; 95%CI: 1.06 -1.44), however, they had a lower chance of sedentary behavior (ORaj: 0.68; 95%CI: 0.59-0.79). Conclusions: There were sociodemographic differences regarding child labor in Brazil. Those who worked were more likely to show risk behaviors for NCDs, however they were more physically active.

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico dos adolescentes que trabalham no Brasil e a associação do trabalho infantil com fatores de risco e proteção para Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da amostra 2 da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. Analisou-se as variáveis sexo, idade, raça/cor da pele, dependência administrativa da escola e escolaridade materna, variáveis acerca de alimentação, atividade física e uso de drogas. Realizou-se análises por meio das prevalências e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e cálculo da ODDS Ratio bruta e ajustada. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 10.926 escolares, destes, 16,9% (IC95%: 15,1-18,9) trabalhavam. O trabalho infantil foi maior nos adolescentes: do sexo masculino (ORaj: 1,82; IC95%: 1,55-2,15); idade entre 16 e 17 anos (ORaj: 2,96; IC95%: 2,37-3,69; que estudavam em escolas públicas (ORaj: 1,69; IC95%: 1,14-2,52); com escolaridade materna igual ao ensino médio incompleto (ORaj: 1,54; IC95%: 1,11;2,13); residentes da região Sul (ORaj: 2,17; IC95%: 1,60-2,94). Esses adolescentes trabalhadores apresentaram maiores chances de: fumar (ORaj: 1,94; IC95%: 1,52-2,48); consumir bebidas alcoólicas (ORaj: 2,01; IC95%: 1,71-2,36); usar drogas ilícitas (ORaj: 1,76; IC95%: 1,35-2,31); realizar atividade física (ORaj: 1,24; IC95%: 1,07-1,44); consumir guloseimas (ORaj: 1,30; IC95%: 1,13-1,49); consumir salgados fritos (ORaj: 1,41; IC95%: 1,15-1,74), e refrigerantes (ORaj: 1,23; IC95%: 1,06-1,44). Contudo apresentaram menor chance de comportamento sedentário (ORaj: 0,68; IC95%: 0,59-0,79). Conclusões: Houve diferenças sociodemográficas em relação ao trabalho infantil no Brasil. Os que trabalhavam apresentaram maiores chances de manifestar comportamentos de risco para as DCNT, no entanto eram mais ativos fisicamente.

Analysis of Deaths and Favorable Developments of Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized in the Largest Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumo-Phthisiology in the West of the Country.

Purpose: Romania is one of the European countries that has been hit the hardest by the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, with over 1.91 million reported cases and over 59,257 deaths. The aim of this study was to identify the main predictors of death in hospitalized patients. Patients and Methods: In the period from 1 March 2020 to 30 June 2021, an observational, retrospective, randomized, case-control study was conducted, which included a sample of 139 patients who died in hospital and another sample of 275 patients who had been discharged in an improved or healed condition. Confirmation of COVID-19 cases was performed by RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal exudates. Statistical data were analyzed by logistic regression, Cox regression and a comparison of survival curves by the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Results: The most powerful logistic regression model identified the following independent predictors of death: history of coagulopathy HR = 30.73 [1.94-487.09], p = 0.015; high percentage of neutrophils HR = 1.09 [1.01-1.19], p = 0.027; and decreased blood-oxygenation HR = 53881.97 [1762.24-1647489.44], p < 0.001. Cox regression identified the following factors that influenced the evolution of cases: history of coagulopathy HR = 2.44 [1.38-4.35], p = 0.000; O2 saturation HR = 0.98 [0.96-0.99], p = 0.043; serum creatinine HR = 1.23 [1.08-1.39], p = 0.001; dyspnea on admission HR = 2.99 [1.42-6.30], p = 0.004; hospitalization directly in the ICU HR = 3.803 [1.97-7.33], p < 0.001; heart damage HR = 16.76 [1.49-188.56], p = 0.022; and decreased blood-oxygenation HR = 35.12 [5.92-208.19], p < 0.001. Conclusion: Knowledge of the predictors of death in hospitalized patients allows for the future optimization of triage and therapeutic case management for COVID-19.

Impulsivity assessed ten years earlier and sociodemographic factors predict adherence to COVID-19 related behavioral restrictions in old individuals with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had clear and dramatic repercussions on health, the economy, and psychosocial well-being. Behavioral measures, such as wearing facemasks and maintaining distance from others, have proven crucial in fighting the contagion's spread. This study aimed to investigate Type A personality traits and sociodemographic predictors of adherence to governmental measures in a sample of frail individuals. METHODS: A sample of 105 Italians over age 60 (Mean age = 70 years; 60.6% male) affected by hypertension who participated in a previous longitudinal study were assessed through a telephone structured interview. Sociodemographic information and Type A personality traits were retrieved from the original longitudinal study. Adherence behaviors were investigated through several questions regarding the compliance with home confinement, the use of facemasks and the observance of social distancing. Repeated measures Analyses of Variance (RMANOVA), Reliable Change Index, and binomial logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Only 33.3% of the participants reported adherence to all the governmental COVID-19 measures. Being a woman (OR = 4.84; 95% CI = 1.58, 14.90; p < 0.01), being retired (OR = 4.89; 95% CI = 1.09, 21.86; p < 0.05), and suffering from hypertension for a relatively short time (OR = 4.20; 95% CI = 1.22, 14.44; p < 0.05) positively predicted adherence to the governmental measures. Impulsivity resulted in a stable personality characteristic over the last ten years (p = 0.30). Having high levels of impulsivity (OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.13, 4.59; p < 0.05) negatively predicted adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that impulsivity is a stable personality facet that can have a robust negative impact on adherence behaviors to health claims. Overall, results show the importance to tailor communication strategies that consider the role of sociodemographic indicators and impulsivity to achieve a high level of adherence.

Psychological aspects of pre-adolescents or adolescents with precocious puberty: A systematic review.

PROBLEM: Precocious puberty (PP) is an illness that appears when puberty, begins some years earlier than usual, provoking inferences in preadolescents and adolescents and their families. Therefore, the aim is to analyze if psychological consequences can be observed in groups of preadolescents or adolescents with PP. METHOD: A bibliographic search of the scientific literature was made following the PRISMA guide in the following databases: ProQuest, Psychinfo, Web Of Science, and Scopus. 592 studies were found, were uploaded to Covidence to make a screening, of which finally 6 were included for the revision according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two independent evaluators made the search, selection, data extraction and quality evaluation of studies independently. The agreement degree between both was excellent in all of the cases. RESULTS: 211 preadolescents participated in total in all studies, of which 99 were preadolescents with PP, with a mean age of 8,94 years old. Studies evaluated so heterogeneous variables, such as psychopathology, self-image, neuropsychological and cognitive variables, and reasons to delay or stop PP. The quality of studies was moderated especially due to the low quality of the studies design, which were mostly transversal, and the representativity of the sample, being selected by convenience. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: More research is needed to evaluate the psychological consequences of the PP diagnosis in pediatrics, and its protection factors, because none of the studies approached this question. We consider that it is necessary to increment the quality of these studies, and that these take a biopsychosocial perspective.

The welfare of immigrants: Resilience and sense of community.

The accessibility to national health services by immigrants residing in our country has produced a widespread improvement of health indicators and health prevention for the entire population. The main goal of this study is to investigate the welfare conditions of immigrants, alongside two fundamental sources of psychological resources. In particular, the role of resilience and sense of community as protective factors against the risk of developing negative welfare outcomes, including life satisfaction and the perception of general health (physical and mental), were considered as indicators. The following self-report questionnaires were sent to a sample of 354 immigrants, stratified by ethnicity and gender: Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS), General Health Questionnaire, CD-RISC 10 Scale, and the Sense of Community Index SCI-2. The results obtained through regression models show how resilience and a sense of community are significant protective factors in terms of life satisfaction and general health. From an applicative point of view, it is highlighted that public and political bodies take a leading role in the design of public health interventions; in fact, their intervention should be aimed at increasing the psychological resources and ability to fulfill the health needs of specific populations.

Social support and depressive symptoms in older adulsts treated in an outpatient service / Apoyo social y síntomas depresivos en ancianos atendidos en un servicio ambulatorio / Apoio social e sintomas depressivos em idosos atendidos em um ambulatório

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess social support, to screen the scores indicative of depression, and to identify if social support is associated in any way with the scores and with the sociodemographic variables. Method: a cross-sectional and analytical study conducted at a Specialty Outpatient Service for Older Adults in São Paulo. A total of 133 aged individuals were selected from February 2019 to July 2021. During data collection, a structured questionnaire with diverse sociodemographic and clinical information was used, as well as having a caregiver or not; in addition, the following instruments were applied: Mini-Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, Katz, Lawton and Social Support Scale. Results: the study participants' mean age was 74.2 years old, they were mostly women (72.9%), married (35.3%), white-skinned (70.7%) and retired (74.5%), they had four years of study (31.6%) and incomes up to one minimum wage (30.8%), and they were hypertensive (73.6%), diabetic (38.3%) and dyslipidemic (31.5%). It was observed that, in all the Social Support Scale domains, most of the interviewees perceived high support. It was evidenced that the highest frequency of aged people with normal psychological state corresponded to those with the highest frequency of high support perception in the Emotional and Positive social interaction domains. Conclusion: the study was able to evidence that aged people with a low perception of social support were the ones that presented more depressive symptoms. Therefore, by evidencing and knowing the sociodemographic profile of the service, it is possible to favor planning of the care provided by the multiprofessional team and propose strategic actions for comprehensive care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el apoyo social, rastrear las puntuaciones que indican depresión e identificar si hay alguna asociación entre el apoyo social con las puntuaciones y las variables sociodemográficas. Método: estudio transversal y analítico realizado en el Servicio Ambulatorio de Especialidades para Ancianos de San Pablo. Se seleccionaron 133 adultos mayores entre febrero de 2019 y julio de 2021. En la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado con diversa información sociodemográfica y clínica o tener cuidador o no, además de aplicarse los siguientes: Mini-Examen de Estado Mental, Escala de Depresión Geriátrica, Katz, Lawton y Escala de Apoyo Social. Resultados: la media de edad de los participantes del estudio fue de 74,2 años, la mayoría eran mujeres (72,9%), personas casadas (35,3%), de raza blanca (70,7%), jubilados (74,5%), con cuatro años de estudio (31,6%), ingresos de hasta un salario mínimo (30,8%), y con hipertensión (73,6%), diabetes (38,3%) y dislipidemia (31,5%). Se observó que en todos los dominios de la Escala de Apoyo Social, la mayoría de los entrevistados indicó una percepción de apoyo elevado. Se hizo evidente que la mayor frecuencia de personas mayores con estado psicológico normal correspondió con aquellas con mayor frecuencia de percepción de apoyo elevado en los dominios Emocional e Interacción social positiva. Conclusión: el estudio logró evidenciar que los ancianos que presentaron una percepción de apoyo social bajo fueron las que tuvieron más síntomas depresivos. En consecuencia, al poner de manifiesto y conocer el perfil sociodemográfico del servicio, fue posible favorecer la planificación de la asistencia prestada por el equipo multiprofesional y proponer acciones estratégicas para la integralidad de la atención.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o apoio social, rastrear os escores indicativos de depressão e identificar se há associação do apoio social com os escores e as variáveis sociodemográficas. Método: estudo transversal e analítico, realizado no Ambulatório de Especialidades do Idoso em São Paulo. Foram selecionados 133 idosos no período de fevereiro de 2019 a julho de 2021. Na coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário estruturado, com informações sociodemográficas, clínicas, ter ou não cuidador e foram aplicados os instrumentos: Miniexame do estado mental, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, Katz, Lawton, Escala de apoio Social. Resultados: a idade média dos participantes do estudo foi de 74,2 anos, mulher (72,9%), casada (35,3%), branca (70,7%), aposentadas (74,5%), quatro anos de estudos (31,6%), renda de até um salário-mínimo (30,8%) hipertensas (73,6%), diabéticas (38,3%) e dislipidêmicas (31,5%). Observou-se que em todos os domínios da escala de apoio social a maior parte dos entrevistados teve percepção de apoio alto. Evidenciou-se que a maior frequência de pessoas idosas com quadro psicológico normal eram aquelas com maior frequência de percepção de apoio alto nos domínios emocional e interação social positiva. Conclusão: o estudo pode evidenciar que pessoas idosas que apresentaram percepção de apoio social baixo foram as que apresentaram mais sintomas depressivos. Portanto, ao evidenciar e conhecer o perfil sociodemográfico do serviço pode-se favorecer o planejamento do cuidado prestado pela equipe multiprofissional e propor ações estratégicas para integralidade do cuidado.

Resiliência para uma velhice bem-sucedida: mecanismos sociais e recursos pessoais de proteção / Resilience for successful old age: social mechanisms and personal protection resources / Resiliencia para una vejez exitosa: mecanismos sociales y recursos personales de protección

O contexto de modificações e de adversidades decorrentes do envelhecimento exige flexibilidade na adaptação e no ajustamento às situações, a fim de proporcionar um desenvolvimento equilibrado e saudável na velhice. Objetivou-se analisar a compreensão de idosos acerca dos fatores de proteção que promovem resiliência, em resposta aos desafios advindos do processo de envelhecimento e da velhice. Participaram de grupos focais 15 idosos (com idades de 63 a 81 anos), que resultaram em três categorias de análise qualitativa: a) Mecanismos sociais de proteção; b) Recursos pessoais; e c) Processos adaptativos para uma velhice bem-sucedida. O apoio social, dado, principalmente, por grupos de convivência, e a percepção de interações positivas entre familiares, permeadas por afeto e reciprocidade, foram essenciais para manter o bem-estar dos idosos. Os recursos pessoais que exprimem estados e processos emocionais, cognitivos e comportamentais positivos permearam os discursos sobre o bem-envelhecer. Ademais, a adaptação às mudanças ocorridas com o avançar do envelhecimento, o amadurecimento, a aceitação e a construção de uma identidade positiva sobre a velhice denotaram processos de resiliência, pautados no equilíbrio entre as perdas e os ganhos ao longo do desenvolvimento. Conclui-se que o enfrentamento das adversidades do envelhecimento atrelado à valorização e à intensificação de qualidades humanas propicia modos de envelhecer com resiliência.(AU)

The context of changes and adversities due to aging requires flexibility in adapting and adjusting to situations to allow a balanced and healthy development in old age. This study aimed to analyze the older adults' understanding of the protective factors which promote resilience in response to the challenges of aging and elderhood. A total of 15 older adults (with ages of 63 to 81 years) participated in the focus groups, resulting in three categories of qualitative analysis: a) Social protection mechanisms; b) Personal resources; c) Adaptive processes for a successful old age. Social support, provided mainly by cohabitation groups, and the perception of positive family interactions, permeated by affection and reciprocity, were essential in maintaining the well-being of the older adults. The personal resources that express positive emotional, cognitive, and behavioral states and processes permeated the discourses on the well-aging. In addition, adapting to the changes that occur with the advancement of aging, the maturation, the acceptance, and the construction of a positive identity about old age denoted processes of resilience, based on the balance between losses and gains throughout the development. We conclude that coping with the adversities of aging linked to the enhancement and intensification of human qualities leads to resilient aging.(AU)

El contexto de los cambios y las adversidades resultantes del envejecimiento requiere flexibilidad para adaptarse a las situaciones, con el fin de proporcionar un desarrollo equilibrado y saludable en la vejez. Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar la comprensión de los ancianos sobre los factores de protección que fomentan la resiliencia como respuesta a los retos resultantes del proceso de envejecimiento y de la vejez. Participaron de grupos focales 15 ancianos (con edades de entre 63 y 81 años), que resultaron en tres categorías de análisis cualitativo: a) Mecanismos sociales de protección; b) Recursos personales; c) Procesos adaptativos para una vejez exitosa. El apoyo social concedido, en gran parte, por grupos de convivencia y la percepción de interacciones positivas entre familiares, con afecto y reciprocidad, fueron esenciales para mantener el bienestar de los ancianos. Los recursos personales que expresan estados y procesos emocionales, cognitivos y comportamientos positivos permearon los discursos acerca del buen envejecer. Además, la adaptación a los cambios sucedidos con el avance del envejecimiento, la madurez, la aceptación y la construcción de una identidad positiva hacia la vejez implicaron procesos de resiliencia, basados en el equilibrio entre las pérdidas y ganancias a lo largo del desarrollo. Se concluye que la lucha contra las adversidades del envejecimiento, junto con la valoración y la intensificación de cualidades humanas, propicia maneras de envejecer con resiliencia.(AU)

Redes personales como factores de riesgo y protección en mujeres privadas de libertad / Personal networks as risk factors and protection of women in prison / Redes pessoais como fatores de risco e proteção mulheres privadas de sua liberdade

Resumen El trabajo analiza las redes personales de las mujeres privadas de libertad, identificando factores de riesgo y protección en tres etapas definidas por el ingreso a prisión y orientadas a la reinserción. Se realizó una investigación documental en bases de datos (WOS, Scopus y Google Académico), empleando Mendeley como gestor. Los resultados muestran que, las redes, antes de prisión están permeadas por la violencia y ausencia de apoyo; durante la prisión se dividen en internas externas y presentan modificaciones relacionales importantes (ruptura de pareja, distanciamiento o no de los/as hijos/as y apoyo de nuevas personas) y; en semilibertad se amplían y mejoran estas, favoreciendo la reinserción social, no obstante, la mayoría regresa al entorno familiar y comunitario inicial enfrentándose a los factores de riesgo asociados.

Abstract This paper analyzes the personal networks of women in prison, identifying risk and protection factors in three stages, defined by prison entry, aimed at reintegration. Documentary research was carried out on databases (WOS, Scopus and academic Google), using Mendeley as manager. The results show that, before imprisonment, networks are permeated by violence and lack of support during prison they are divided into internal-external and present important relational modifications (breakup of a couple, distance or not from children and support of new people) and; in day release they expand and improve these, promoting social reinsertion; nevertheless, most return to the initial family and community environment facing the associated risk factors.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as redes pessoais de mulheres privadas de liberdade identificando fatores de risco e proteção em três etapas e definidos pela entrada na prisão, visando a reintegração. Uma pesquisa documental foi realizada em bancos de dados (WOS, Scopus e Google scholar), utilizando Mendeley como gerente. Os resultados mostram que, as redes, antes da prisão são permeadas pela violência e falta de apoio; durante a prisão são divididas em modificações relacionais internas-externas e apresentam importantes (separação do casal, distanciamento ou não dos filhos e apoio de novas pessoas) e; na semi-liberdade são ampliadas e melhoradas, favorecendo a reintegração social, no entanto, a maioria retorna ao ambiente familiar e comunitário inicial diante dos fatores de risco associados.

Campañas educativas y de prevención. Una revisión sobre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en jóvenes universitarios de Colombia / Educational and prevention campaigns. A review on the use of psychoactive substances in Colombian university students

Resumen El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia ha aumentado especialmente en universitarios. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: identificar cuáles son las drogas que están consumiendo los jóvenes y cuáles son los fundamentos de los programas de prevención. Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión narrativa de publicaciones científicas bajo criterios de estándares internacionales. Los resultados muestran énfasis en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. La marihuana, como sustancia ilegal, es la más consumida y es considerada como el canal de iniciación para el consumo de otras sustancias. En conclusión, se destacan como factores de riesgo: el ciclo vital y la facilidad de acceso; y como factores protectores: la satisfacción con la carrera y la visión positiva de futuro. Asimismo, las prácticas preventivas deben apuntar hacia tres esferas: reconocimiento de las consecuencias negativas que trae el abuso de drogas, comunicación clara, sistemática y eficiente, y fomento de la toma de decisiones acertadas de los jóvenes.

Abstract The consumption of psychoactive substances in Colombia has increased, both legal and illegal, especially in university students, if we review the national studies on consumption developed by the Colombian Drug Observatory (2016), we can conclude that not only does consumption increase, but the age of onset decreases, which also constitutes greater needs for care in specialized services for substance abuse. Research questions arise: what are the substances consumed by young university students in Colombia? What risk and protective factors are prioritized in university contexts for the prevention of substance abuse? The objectives of this research were: to identify which drugs are being consumed by young people and how the foundations of prevention programs are established. Methodologically, to carry out the present narrative review, a search was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Dialnet databases. A chain search was also performed and other studies were located using bibliographic reference lists of the studies retrieved in the primary search. This is a narrative review was carried out under criteria of international standards. The critical evaluation of the articles consisted of the complete reading of the study, its evaluation and filling of the data collection instrument. Those studies published in duplicate or found in more than one database were considered only once. Once all the sources were integrated, it was decided to organize the evidence found by cities, consumption substances, risk perception, risk and protection factors. The results show an emphasis on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana as an illegal substance is the most consumed and considered the initiation channel for other substances. After these, relatively significant use of inhalants, cocaine and LSD is shown. It is evident that the consumption of psychoactive substances presents a behavior similar to that reported by epidemiological studies, the prevalence of consumption is higher for legal substances, as well as the age of onset is lower for these. In conclusion, the following stand out as risk factors: the life cycle and ease of access; and as a protective factor: satisfaction with the career and a positive vision of the future. With this panorama, the Ministry of National Education of Colombia (MEN) (2008) proposes as a strategy to reduce academic dropout, the creation of psychological support programs for students that are focused on the identification and monitoring of people at risk of consumption of psychoactive substances. It is necessary to build campaigns within the framework of social advertising in two scenarios: one, communications conceptualized by professionals towards public awareness training; and two, prevention campaigns to focus on areas and foci of influence, sectored and atomized to specific problems, specific substances and target adopting public. Likewise, the preventive practices that must be incorporated must aim at three areas: recognition of the negative consequences of drug abuse; clear, systematic and efficient communication; and to the promotion of sound decision-making by young people.The promotion of mental health in national health systems and professional health organizations need prevention campaigns with the participation of communities. Within the limitations of this study, this article is the product of the narrative review carried out for Colombia, as it is described geographically, only characterization of three of the regions is obtained and with a strong emphasis on studies of the capital city (Bogotá ), the other two regions that are not described are areas with an active presence of illicit crops that generate a permanent relationship of the communities with the substances, and even with indigenous groups with consumption associated with their cultural identity, aspects that are not reflected by not have information on these areas.

Reconciling Simulations and Experiments With BICePs: A Review.

Bayesian Inference of Conformational Populations (BICePs) is an algorithm developed to reconcile simulated ensembles with sparse experimental measurements. The Bayesian framework of BICePs enables population reweighting as a post-simulation processing step, with several advantages over existing methods, including the proper use of reference potentials, and the estimation of a Bayes factor-like quantity called the BICePs score for model selection. Here, we summarize the theory underlying this method in context with related algorithms, review the history of BICePs applications to date, and discuss current shortcomings along with future plans for improvement.

Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in the general population / Factores de riesgo y protección para sintomatología depresiva y comportamiento suicida en población general / Fatores de risco e proteção para sintomatologia depressiva e comportamento suicida em população geral

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the participants' perception of risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms and their relationship with suicidal behavior in a general adult population. Method: Exploratory-descriptive, qualitative research, using Content Analysis. Interviews with 200 participants over 18 years old, domiciled in Poços de Caldas/MG, between January 2017 and October 2018. Results: Risk factors were sadness, loneliness, problematic family relationships, losses/difficulties in emotional relationships, unemployment/financial difficulties, depressive symptoms, worsening of the feeling of depression, inability to frustration, problems in experiencing spirituality. Protective factors were family, emotional relationships, and spirituality. Suicidal behavior was related to the severity of depression, feelings of hopelessness, psychiatric comorbidities, and unemployment. Final considerations: Perception of risk factors was linked to family problems, sadness, loss of emotional relationships, unemployment, loneliness, and inability to experience frustrations; and the protective ones perceived were family and spirituality. There was a relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar percepción de participantes sobre factores de riesgo y de protección para sintomatología depresiva y su relación con comportamiento suicida en población general adulta. Método: Investigación exploratorio-descriptiva, cualitativa, usando Análisis de Contenido. Entrevistas con 200 participantes adultos, domiciliados en Poços de Caldas/MG, entre enero de 2017 y octubre de 2018. Resultados: Factores de riesgo fueron tristeza, soledad, relaciones familiares problemáticas, pérdidas/dificultades en relaciones afectivas, desempleo/dificultades financieras, sintomatología depresiva, empeora en sensación de depresión, inhabilidad para frustración, problemas en la vivencia de espiritualidad. Factores de protección fueron familia, relaciones afectivas y espiritualidad. Comportamiento suicida relacionado a la severidad de la depresión, sentimientos de desesperanza, comorbilidades psiquiátricas y desempleo. Consideraciones finales: Percepción de los factores de riesgo se relacionaron a problemas familiares, tristeza, pérdida de relaciones afectivas, desempleo, soledad e inhabilidad en experimentar frustraciones; y los de protección percibidos fueron familia y espiritualidad. Hubo relación entre sintomatología depresiva y comportamiento suicida.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a percepção dos participantes sobre fatores de risco e de proteção para sintomatologia depressiva e sua relação com comportamento suicida em população geral adulta. Método: Pesquisa exploratório-descritiva, qualitativa, usando Análise de Conteúdo. Entrevistas com 200 participantes acima de 18 anos, domiciliados em Poços de Caldas/MG, entre janeiro de 2017 e outubro de 2018. Resultados: Fatores de risco foram tristeza, solidão, relações familiares problemáticas, perdas/dificuldades nos relacionamentos afetivos, desemprego/dificuldades financeiras, sintomatologia depressiva, piora na sensação de depressão, inabilidade para frustração, problemas na vivência da espiritualidade. Fatores de proteção foram família, relacionamentos afetivos e espiritualidade. Comportamento suicida foi relacionado à severidade da depressão, sentimentos de desesperança, comorbidades psiquiátricas e desemprego. Considerações finais: Percepção dos fatores de risco atrelou-se a problemas familiares, tristeza, perda de relacionamentos afetivos, desemprego, solidão e inabilidade em vivenciar frustrações; e os de proteção percebidos foram família e espiritualidade. Houve relação entre sintomatologia depressiva e comportamento suicida.

Transición Escolar en los Años Finales de la Enseñanza Básica: Revisión Integrativa de la Literatura / Transição escolar nos anos finais do ensino fundamental: revisão integrativa da literatura / Transition in the final years of elementary school: integrative review on the literature

A transição escolar no Ensino Fundamental interessa a pesquisadores do desenvolvimento, que buscam identificar seus efeitos no ajustamento escolar, intra e interpessoal dos alunos. Com o objetivo de mapear a produção científica acerca das repercussões da transição escolar dos anos iniciais para finais do Ensino Fundamental sobre o desenvolvimento socioemocional e acadêmico dos estudantes, realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura, desde 2013 a junho de 2018, nos bancos de dados SciELO, PsycINFO, ERIC e Science Direct. Mediante critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram incorporados e analisados na perspectiva de proteção/risco ao desenvolvimento 30 artigos. A maioria dos estudos investigou fatores de proteção/risco conjuntamente, com predominância de fatores protetivos contextuais. Os desfechos positivos se sobressaíram na transição para os anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. A perspectiva de risco/proteção se mostrou pertinente para integração dos resultados, evidenciando que a transição escolar é um fenômeno dinâmico e multifacetado.

La transición escolar en la Enseñanza Básica interesa a investigadores del desarrollo, que buscan identificar sus efectos en el ajustamiento escolar, intra e interpersonal de los alumnos. Con el objetivo de mapear la producción científica acerca de las repercusiones de la transición escolar de los años iniciales para finales de la Enseñanza Básica sobre el desarrollo socioemocional y académico de los estudiantes, se realizó revisión integrativa de la literatura, desde 2013 a junio de 2018, en los bancos de datos SciELO, PsycINFO, ERIC y Science Direct. Por intermedio de criterios de inclusión y exclusión fueron incorporados y analizados en la perspectiva de protección/riesgo al desarrollo 30 artículos. Gran parte de los estudios investigó factores de protección/riesgo conjuntamente, con predominancia de factores de protección contextuales. Los resultados positivos se sobresalen en la transición a los años finales de la Enseñanza Básica. La perspectiva de riesgo/protección se mostró pertinente para integración de los resultados, evidenciando que la transición escolar es un fenómeno dinámico y multifacético.

The theme of transition in Elementary School is of interest to development researchers, who seek to identify its effects on students' intra- and interpersonal school adjustment. In order to map out the scientific production on the repercussions of the transition from the early to the late years of Elementary School on the students' socio-emotional and academic development, an integrative literature review was carried out, from 2013 to June 2018, in the SciELO, PsycINFO, ERIC and Science Direct databases. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were incorporated and analyzed from the perspective of protection/risk to development. Most studies investigated protective/risk factors together, with a predominance of contextual protective factors. Positive outcomes stood out in the transition to the final years of elementary school. The risk/protection perspective proved to be relevant for the integration of results, showing that school transition is a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon.

Meanings of work: articulation with mechanisms of risk and protection for resilience / Sentidos del trabajo: articulación con mecanismos de riesgo y protección de resiliencia / Sentidos do trabalho: articulação com os mecanismos de risco e proteção para resiliência

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand how the meanings attributed to work by professionals of the Family Health Strategy are linked to the mechanisms of risk and protection, influencing resilience. Method: a qualitative case study, conducted with professionals of the Family Health Strategy. 62 professionals participated: 14 doctors, 16 nurses, 16 nursing technicians and 16 community health agents. The data collected through interviews which were guided by semi-structured script and observation were submitted to thematic content analysis and Atlas.ti Software, version 7. Results: adversities in the work environment emerged from the analysis such as work overload, lack of articulation between health network services, insufficient autonomy and recognition and inadequate working conditions. Such experiences imply risks to the meanings and the development of work, limiting more resolute actions in the care of the population. Mechanisms that provide protection against risks were also highlighted, strengthening the positive meanings given to work that favor resilience. Conclusion: the study made it possible to understand how the meanings attributed to work are linked to risk and protection mechanisms, influencing resilience processes. Such reflections can support strategies to reduce adversity in the work environment, stimulate the professionals' potentialities and positive senses about work, aiming at reaching a healthy work environment, which affect the care actions to the population.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender cómo los significados atribuidos al trabajo por parte de los profesionales de la Estrategia de salud familiar se articulan con los mecanismos de riesgo y protección, influyendo en la resiliencia. Método: una investigación de enfoque cualitativo, un estudio de caso único, realizado con profesionales de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar. Participaron 62 profesionales: 14 médicos, 16 enfermeras, 16 técnicos de enfermería y 16 agentes de salud comunitaria. Los datos recopilados a través de entrevistas, orientas por guiones semiestructurados y observación, se enviaron a análisis de contenido temático y Atlas ti Software, versión 7. Resultados: del análisis surgieron adversidades en el entorno laboral relacionadas con la sobrecarga de trabajo, falta de articulación entre los servicios de salud, autonomía y reconocimiento insuficientes y condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas. Esas experiencias implican riesgos para los sentidos y el desarrollo del trabajo, limitando acciones más resueltas en el cuidado de la población. También se evidenciaron mecanismos que brindan protección contra los riesgos, fortaleciendo los significados positivos dados al trabajo que favorecen la resiliencia. Conclusión: el estudio permitió comprender cómo los significados atribuidos al trabajo están vinculados a los mecanismos de riesgo y protección, influyendo en los procesos de resiliencia. Esas reflexiones pueden apoyar estrategias para reducir la adversidad en el entorno laboral, estimular el potencial de los profesionales y los significados positivos sobre el trabajo, con el objetivo de lograr un entorno laboral saludable, que tenga un impacto en las acciones de atención para la población.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender como os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho por profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família se articulam aos mecanismos de risco e proteção, influenciando a resiliência. Método: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso único, realizada com profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Participaram 62 profissionais: 14 médicos, 16 enfermeiros, 16 técnicos em enfermagem e 16 agentes comunitários de saúde. Dados coletados por meio de entrevista, guiada por roteiro semiestruturado e observação, sendo submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática e ao Software Atlas ti, versão 7. Resultados: da análise, emergiram adversidades no ambiente laboral relacionadas à sobrecarga de trabalho, ausência de articulação entre os serviços da rede de saúde, autonomia e reconhecimento insuficientes e condições de trabalho inadequadas. Tais vivências implicam riscos aos sentidos e ao desenvolvimento do trabalho, limitando ações mais resolutivas no cuidado à população. Foram evidenciados, também, mecanismos que conferem proteção diante dos riscos, fortalecendo os sentidos positivos conferidos ao trabalho que favorecem à resiliência. Conclusão: o estudo possibilitou compreender como os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho se articulam aos mecanismos de risco e proteção, influenciando processos de resiliência. Tais reflexões podem subsidiar estratégias de redução de adversidades no ambiente laboral, estimular as potencialidades dos profissionais e sentidos positivos sobre o trabalho, com vistas ao alcance de ambiente laboral saudável, que repercutam nas ações de cuidado à população.

Factores implicados en el fracaso escolar de adolescentes con conducta delictiva / Factors Implied in the Academic Failure of Adolescents with Criminal Conducts / Fatores implicados no fracasso escolar de adolescentes com criminoso

Resumen Colombia se encuentra en proceso de implementación del servicio educativo del Sistema de Responsabilidad para Adolescentes y en este contexto, el presente artículo describe las características académicas de adolescentes con conducta delictiva, determina las relaciones que se presentan entre los factores académicos y analiza cuáles tienen efecto en el fracaso escolar. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio predictivo transversal en el que participaron 248 adolescentes de Bogotá y Cundinamarca, 85.5% chicos y 14.5% chicas, entre los 14 y 20 años (M=16.72, D.E.= 1.128). Los resultados evidencian altos niveles de fracaso académico y relaciones moderadas entre los factores académicos con el fracaso escolar. Las variables académicas que mejor ayudan a predecir el fracaso escolar fueron el bajo desempeño y los déficits en las oportunidades de participación escolar, las recompensas por participación escolar y las habilidades sociales. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos son un tema de discusión.

Abstract Colombia is implementing the Adolescent Responsibility System educational service. In this context, this article describes the academic characteristics of adolescents with criminal conducts, determines the relationships between academic factors and analyzes which ones affect academic failure. A predictive, cross-sectional study was developed to do so, in which 248 adolescents from Bogotá and Cundinamarca participated. 85.5% were male and 14.5% were female, between 14 and 20 years of age (A=16.72, S.D.= 1,128). The results show high levels of academic failure and moderate relationships between academic factors and academic failure. The academic variables that best helped predict academic failure were low performance, deficiencies in school participation opportunities, rewards for school participation and social skills. These findings' implications was a topic of discussion.

Resumo A Colômbia está em processo de implementação do serviço educativo do Sistema de Responsabilidade para Adolescentes e, neste contexto, este artigo descreve as características académicas de adolescentes com comportamento delinquente, determina as relações entre os fatores académicos e analisa quais tém efeito no fracasso escolar. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de previsão transversal no qual participaram 248 adolescentes de Bogotá e Cundinamarca, 85,5% meninos e 14,5% meninas, entre 14 e 20 anos (M = 16,72, DP = 1.128). Os resultados mostram altos níveis de fracasso escolar e relações moderadas entre fatores académicos e fracasso escolar. As variáveis académicas que melhor ajudam a prever o fracasso escolar foram o baixo desempenho e os déficits nas oportunidades de participação na escola, recompensas pela participação na escola e habilidades sociais. As implicações destas constatações são matéria de discussão.

Sexting e adolescência: a emergência de novos temas para a psicologia do desenvolvimento / Sexting and adolescence: new themes for developmental psychology / Sexting y adolescencia: nuevos temas para la psicología del desarrollo

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar questões sociais e psicológicas relacionadas ao fenômeno do sexting, que se refere à prática de compartilhamento de imagens íntimas na internet e redes sociais. Por intermédio de uma análise não-sistematizada da literatura, sobretudo de publicações internacionais, pretende-se: i) definir o sexting, levando em consideração os aspectos consensuais presentes na literatura da área; ii) explicar sua ocorrência na contemporaneidade, avaliando possíveis impactos na saúde mental das pessoas, em especial de adolescentes; iii) refletir sobre os fatores de risco e proteção que estão circunscritos à manifestação do sexting; iv) apresentar as implicações jurídicas em casos de divulgação indevidas de imagens íntimas. Entende-se que as discussões apresentadas no decorrer deste artigo podem abrir espaços para um campo de investigação pouco explorado na literatura nacional.

This article aim to analyze social and psychological issues related to the phenomenon of sexting, which refers to the practice of sharing intimate images on the internet and social networks. Through a non-systematized analysis of the literature, especially of international publications, it is intended to: i) define sexting, taking into account the consensual aspects present in the literature of the area; ii) explain its occurrence in the contemporary world, evaluating possible impacts on the mental health of people, especially adolescents; iii) reflect about the risk and protection factors that are involved to the manifestation of sexting; iv) present the legal implications in cases of inappropriate exposure of intimate images. It is understood that the discussions presented in this article may open spaces for a little explored field of investigation in the national literature.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo central analizar cuestiones sociales y psicológicas relacionadas con el fenómeno del sexting, que se refiere a la práctica de compartir imágenes íntimas en Internet y redes sociales. Por medio de un análisis no sistematizado de la literatura, sobre todo de publicaciones internacionales, se pretende: i) definir el sexting, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos consensuados presentes en la literatura del área; ii) explicar su ocurrencia en la contemporaneidad, evaluando posibles impactos en la salud mental de las personas, en especial de adolescentes; iii) reflexionar sobre los factores de riesgo y protección que están circunscritos a la manifestación del sexting; iv) presentar las implicaciones jurídicas en casos de divulgación indebida de imágenes íntimas. Se entiende que las discusiones presentadas en el transcurso de este artículo pueden abrir espacios para un campo de investigación poco explorado en la literatura nacional.

A technique to measure respirator protection factors against aerosol particles in simulated workplace settings using portable instruments.

The aim of this study was to develop a new method to measure respirator protection factors for aerosol particles using portable instruments while workers conduct their normal work. The portable instruments, including a set of two handheld condensation particle counters (CPCs) and two portable aerosol mobility spectrometers (PAMSs), were evaluated with a set of two reference scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs). The portable instruments were mounted to a tactical load-bearing vest or backpack and worn by the test subject while conducting their simulated workplace activities. Simulated workplace protection factors (SWPFs) were measured using human subjects exposed to sodium chloride aerosols at three different steady state concentration levels: low (8x103 particles/cm3), medium (5x104 particles/cm3), and high (1x105 particles/cm3). Eight subjects were required to pass a quantitative fit test before beginning a SWPF test for the respirators. Each SWPF test was performed using a protocol of five exercises for 3 min each: (1) normal breathing while standing; (2) bending at the waist; (3) a simulated laboratory-vessel cleaning motion; (4) slow walking in place; and (5) deep breathing. Two instrument sets (one portable instrument {CPC or PAMS} and one reference SMPS for each set) were used to simultaneously measure the aerosol concentrations outside and inside the respirator. The SWPF was calculated as a ratio of the outside and inside particles. Generally, the overall SWPFs measured with the handheld CPCs had a relatively good agreement with those measured with the reference SMPSs, followed by the PAMSs. Under simulated workplace activities, all handheld CPCs, PAMSs, and the reference SMPSs showed a similar GM SWPF trend, and their GM SWPFs decreased when simulated workplace movements increased. This study demonstrated that the new design of mounting two handheld CPCs in the tactical load-bearing vest or mounting one PAMS unit in the backpack permitted subjects to wear it while performing the simulated workplace activities. The CPC shows potential for measuring SWPFs based on its light weight and lack of major instrument malfunctions.

Internalizing Symptoms in Developmental Dyslexia: A Comparison Between Primary and Secondary School.

Although the relationship between developmental dyslexia (DD) and the risk of occurrence of internalizing symptomatology has been widely investigated in the extant literature, different findings have been reported. In this study, two experiments with two general purposes are presented. The first study investigates whether the differences in the severity of internalizing symptoms between DD and controls are greater in students attending secondary school than in those attending primary school. Sixty-five DD and 169 controls attending primary and secondary school took part in the first study. The diagnosis of dyslexia was obtained from standardized reading tests; internalizing symptom severity was assessed with the Self Administrated Psychiatric Scales for Children and Adolescents questionnaire. The results showed that adolescents with dyslexia had an increased level of self-perceived anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms, whereas no significant differences between DD and controls emerged in childhood. In the second study, a cohort of adolescents attending secondary school (DD = 44; controls = 51) was closely analyzed to clarify whether contextual and subjective factors could contribute toward exacerbating the risk of internalizing symptomatology at that age. Internalizing symptom severity was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self Report questionnaire, decision-making factors were measured with the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, and student's quality of life was gaged using the Clipper test. The results showed that high levels of internalizing symptoms in DD were associated with a low level of self-esteem and the tendency to react to problematic situations with hyperactivation. By contrast, positive relationships with peers were associated with low symptom severity. In conclusion, the intensified internalizing symptoms that could emerge in adolescents in association with the presence of dyslexia are predicted by social protective and risk factors that are associated with symptom severity. Accordingly, the results suggest that remediation programs for dyslexia should include implementing motivation strategies, self-esteem enhancement activities and building peers networks that, starting in childhood, can prevent the appearance of internalizing symptoms.